The Glamorous Spy in Films Such as Casino Royale and Mission Impossible

Introduction - ContentFilms such as Casino Royale and missionary post Impossible are two culturally significant to how peoples general opinions of spies and the profession of espionage. Ian Flemings stay put movies are the longest running film series ever and this helps the perception and opinions of the films to be passed on from generation to generation. So far six actors have interpreted on the role of James Bond and all were significant super converge approximate-looking and popular actors. This only helps to increase the popularity of the films and now that the cinema is public it means people of all ages go to watch these films with family and friends. Many films and actors have taken on similar storylines and characters to that of the Bond films such as Johnny English and the Austin Powers International Man of Mystery films put a lighter, humorous locating to the real life dangers that spies face in reality. Also films such as the Alex Rider books based Stormbreaker and the agent Cody Banks films attract a different audience than the Bond films in a way because they use young actors and actresses to put across a more understandable and sometimes more watchable film for the younger audience. The Mission Impossible films were based on a 1960s television show of the same name. Tom Cruise would have been deliberately chosen to take the lease character role in these films. Like the Bond actors this increases interests in the film and also makes the general view and activities of espionage seem glamorous but yet challenge packed.These films also use the publics great anticipation and fear of terrorists in these films to engage people and also the films often cleverly use the publics afflictive fear of modern day terrorism to make the films more serious, ... ... violent chase scenes and almost unreal stunts to attract the audience to the films. He uses glamorous gadgets and good looking women also to give the impression that the spies live a fault fr ee life full of wonderful assets. The music used in espionage films is truly suited to the style and pace of the films themselves. Every theme tune is very fast, dramatic and striking and makes the audience feel on edge at the bewilder of the film. Often the theme tune is repeated in some form throughout the main action scenes in the film. Many of the signs such as the gunshots, explosions and patrol sirens make these films suspense action thrillers. I think that the way that the directors use the certain signs to help glamorise the life of spies is clever and very appealing to the audience. This is why these espionage thrillers are so popular among people of different ages.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome :: essays research papers

Fetal Alcohol SyndromeWhat is Fetal inebriant syndrome? Exposure to alcoholic drink before birth can cause a variety of different problems. One of the most severe effects of drinking during pregnancy is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is known as one of the leading preventable causes of mental retardation and birth defects. If a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy the baby can be born with FAS, which is a lifelong, physically and mentally disabling condition. FAS is characterized by distinctly abnormal facial features, a growth problem, and central nervous system problems (brain problems). battalion who fuck off from FAS may either have problems with scholarship, memory, attention span, communication with others, vision, and/or hearing. These problems often lead to trouble in school or social problems and acquire along with others. FAS is a permanent condition is already born babies who have it. It affects every aspect of an individuals life and the lives of the people around them. nonetheless FAS is one hundred percent preventable if a woman does not drink alcohol while she is pregnant.Many people do not recall that Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is common. This statistic however is widely varied. Studies show that FAS rates range from 0.2-1.5 per 1,000 births in different areas of the United States. I think that the odds of a minor suffering from FAS is low because most mothers that have children are smart about their choices, if you know youre having a child then you must give up the alcohol. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is only based on the mothers care of herself and if she chooses to endanger the life and well being of her children. There are many signs of which may be able to tell you if you or your child suffer from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. They may have the following characteristics or exhibit the following behaviors small in height or weight in comparison to others of the same age, abnormal facial features such as small eye openings, poor coordina tion, hyperactive behavior, learning disabilities, developmental disabilities (i.e., speech and language problems), mental retardation or low IQ, problems with daily living, poor reasoning and judgment skills, and sleep and sucking disturbances in infancy. Children with who suffer from FAS are also said to be at risk for psychiatric problems, criminal behavior, unemployment, and incomplete education. These are known as secondary conditions which are problems that children are not born with and may acquire throughout life but do not necessarily have to.

The importance of Effective Communication in Health-Care Essay

Language barriers have been one of the identified causes of m either wellness problems, including timely and appropriate care, exacerbating existing conditions, and effect new ones. In addition to culturally appropriate education, interpreting is one of the approaches commonly used to help bridge the language gap for patients and practitioners. Interpreters are bilingualist individuals that provide simultaneous interpretation between patients and medical care providers who do not share a common language (Finke, Light, & Kitko, 2008). This finding suggests that a nice relationship is essential for high-quality patient care.(Finke et al., 2008) use qualitative evidence from interviews with medical interpreters, and argue that an interdisciplinary team is oriented in just one cathexis to care for patients, and bring them to their ultimate level of functioning. Certainly, all of the observations provided by this journal reaffirmed how understanding the basic principles of communicat ion should be a paramount skill of any nurse. However, many barriers can disrupt therapeutic communication, and comprehensive assessment is necessary in order to determine the culture, religion, education background, and socioeconomic status of the patient (Finke et al., 2008) unhurried centered communication empower nurses with the necessary skills to identify what patients are experiencing and place them in a better position to be empathetic. Meanwhile, creating a better health care experience for the patient and a more gratifying and meaningful career for the nurse (Finke et al., 2008). It is also more likely to effectively encourage patients to be active partners in planning and managing their own care. It is significant for medical care provider... ...5.LaValley, D (2008) Physician- Nurse Collaboration and patient safety. Crico RMF Vol. 26/No. 2 lee Flicek Cassandra (2012) Communication A Dynamic Between Nurses and Physicians. Vol. 21/No. 6McCaffrey, R.G., Hayes, R., Stuart, W., Cassell, A., Farrell, C. & Miller-Reyes C. 2010. A Program to Improve Communication and Collaboration Between Nurses and Medical Residents. The daybook of Continuing Education in Nursing Vol 41, No 4. Retrieve from http//content2.learntoday.info/Patak, L., Wilson-Stronks, A., Costello, J., Keleinpell, R. M., Henneman, E. A., Pearson, C. & Happ, M. B. (2009). Improving Patient-Provider Communication. A Call to Action. Volume 39, Number 9, pp 372-376.Williams, M. V., Davis, T., Parker, R. M., & Weiss, B. D. (2002). The role of health literacy in patient-physician communication. FAMILY MEDICINE-KANSAS CITY-, 34(5), 383-389.

Dr. Stephen Hawking; Man Of Mystery :: essays research papers

Dr. Stephen Hawking has been considered to be more brilliant then Einstein. Dr. Hawking was innate(p) on January 8 1942 in Oxford, England on the 300th anniversary of Galileos death. Is this a coincidence? After his studies at St. Albans School, he attended University College, Oxford. He wanted to study Mathematics, but because it was unavailable at Oxford, he concentrated on Physics and earned a degree in Natural Science triplet years later. Stephen went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology. After attaining his Ph.D., he became a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. He left the Institute of uranology to become a professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge. He has held the post of Lacasian Professor of Mathematics since 1979. In the early 1960s, Stephen Hawking was diagnosed with the dreadful disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (A.L.S.), an incurable degenerative neuromuscular disease, also known as Lou Gerhigs Di sease. He has been paralyzed unable to use every muscle in his body. The however muscles he has use of are those around his eyes. This explains why Hawking has become a theoriser rather than a hands-on scientist. He spends hour after hour in his wheelchair pondering complex ideas and formulating mind bobbling equations in his head. Dr. Hawkings scarper is primarily in the field of general relativity and in particular on the physics of portentous hollers. He uses his theory on the origin of black holes to help explain the creation of the universe. In 1971 he suggested the formation (following the big bang), of numerous objects containing as much as 1,000,000,000 tons of mass but occupying only the space of a proton. These objects, called mini- black holes, are unique in that because of their immense mass and gravity, they are ruled by the laws if relativity, while their minute size requires that the laws of quantum mechanics apply to them also. In 1974, Hawking proposed that, i n accordance with the predications of quantum theory, black holes emit subatomic particles until they exhaust all their energy and finally explode. Hawkings fake spurred efforts to theoretically delineate the properties of black holes. It was previously thought that nothing could be learned about black holes. Now we know that each black hole starts out as a star about ten times the size of the sun. Over time, the star burns all its nuclear fuel and explodes.

Workaholism, Leisure And Pleasure Essay -- essays research papers

<a href="http//www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThe official working week is being reduced to 35 hours a week. In most countries in the world, it is limited to 45 hours a week. The trend during the last century seems to be unequivocal less work, more play. Yet, what may be true for blue collar workers or state employees is not necessarily so for white collar members of the liberal professions. It is not rare for these people lawyers, accountants, consultants, managers, academics to entrust in 80 hour weeks. The phenomenon is so widespread and its social consequences so damaging that it acquired the unflattering nickname workaholism, a combination of the words work and inebriety. Family life is disrupted, intellectual horizons narrow, the consequences to the workaholics health are severe fat, lack of exercise, stress take their toll. Classified as alpha types, workaholics suffer three times as ma ny heart attacks as their peers. But what are the social and economic roots of this phenomenon ? Put succinctly, it is the result of the blurring borders and differences betwixt work and leisure. The distinction between these two types of time the one dedicated to labour and the one spent in the pursuit of ones interests was so clear for thousands of years that its dilatory disappearance is one of the most important and profound social heightens in human history. A host of other shifts in the character of the work and house servant environments of humans converged to produce this momentous change. Arguably the most important was the increase in labour mobility and the fluid nature of the very concept of work and the workplace. The transitions from artless to industrial, then to the services and now to the information and knowledge societies, each, in turn, increased the mobility of the workforce. A farmer is the least mobile. His means of production are fixed, his produce was in general consumed locally because of lack of proper refrigeration, preservation and transportation methods. A marginal group of people became nomad-traders. This group exploded in size with the advent of the industrial revolution. True, the bulk of the workforce was still immobile and affixed to the production floor. But raw materials and the finished products travelled long distances ... ...eneurs, the managers, the businessmen. They are the movers, the shakers, the pushers, the energy. Without them, we have socialist economies, where everything belongs to everyone and, actually to none. In these economies of collective ownership people go to work because they have to, they try to avoid it, to sabotage the workplace, they harbour negative feelings. Slowly, they wither and die (professionally) because no one can live long in hatred and deceit. Joy is an essential ingredient. And this is the true meaning of capitalism the abolition of work and leisure and the pursuit of both with the same zeal and satisfaction. Above all, the (increasing) liberty to do it whenever, wherever, with whomever you choose. Unless and until the Homo East Europeansis changes his set of mind there will be no sure transition. Because transition happens in the human mind much before it takes form in reality. It is no use to dictate, to legislate, to finance, to cajole, to offer the human being must change first. It was Marx (a devout non-capitalist) who said it is consciousness that determines reality. How right was he. Witness the USA and witness the miserable failure of communism.

Lawmakers who Skipped Trip to Manhattan Insulted Constituents :: Letter to the Editor Essays

Lawmakers who Skipped Trip to Manhattan Insulted Constituents The visit to K-State by the Kansas Legislature last Thursday kinda uplifting in a way, knowing that even though legislators face perhaps the toughest year of their careers, they still take time to get out of the put up and listen to the people of Kansas. And then I read the article in Fridays paper.Hopefully our elected officials have read the article I am referring to, and may they also take notice of this response. For readers who are unfamiliar with the story, although many of the leading actually traveled to Manhattan to hear presentations closely proposed research facilities, approximately 60 legislators chose not to attend. Some of them skipped simply out of protest, claiming the trip catered to lobbyists. To those few who made such a misguided choice, listen up. Were going to review some basic concepts of government you may have forgotten.Your paycheck comes from the State of Kansas, which receives funds fr om Kansas taxpayers, who put you into office. Essentially, Kansans who pay taxes, myself included, are collectively your bosses.Id love to be able to stand in front of the person who hired me and declare that I will not do my job today. Unfortunately, there is a uplifted probability that I would not have a job the following morning. To those legislators who chose simply out of spite not to join your fellow leaders in the trip to K-State, you sent the wrong message to your approximately 22,000 constituents, telling them that you refuse to live up to the obligations placed upon you when you took office.It should be noted that some legislators had legitimate reasons for skipping the trip. but for those who did not have prior commitments or pressing matters, the blunt refusal of a request to be heard by the people of Kansas is utterly unacceptable. Public leaders should not be allowed to protest Kansans, even if they do consider it a snow day.Was the presentation in Manhattan a lobbyi ng pitch? Perhaps, but what does it matter? Lobbyists or not, theyre still Kansas taxpayers who contribute toward your salaries, and you have an obligation to listen to them. The mindset, we make them take off work and come see us, is not how government should work. To our legislators who comparable to hide behind their desks rather than face their bosses, allow me to make a suggestion The next time you receive an offer to visit with the public about public issues, take it.

A Great Global Warming Swindle Essay

A Great Global Warming tackle was a documentary which implied that the increase in the amount of atmospheric cytosine dioxide was not the cause of the increase in temperature. It states otherwise the increasing amount of carbon dioxide is itself the result of the rising temperature. Generally, the documentary asserts that synthetic global warming is a lie. Before our film showing, I have already watched Al Gores An Inconvenient Truth twice. A Great Global Warming Swindle opened a whole lot varied view and it quite made things a little bit confusing.I used to be a vitamin C and one percent sure that global warming is indeed mainly caused by the increased amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere only aft(prenominal) watching the documentary, well it changes things because ideas get mixed up. And now, I am being presented two ideas which are contradicting each other. Based on my own understanding and intimacy about the idea, I strongly believe that carbon dioxide plays a m ajor role in the currently rapid increase of global temperature.As cold as I could remember, since elementary it has al ways been discussed in my science class that greenhouse gasses cause global warming and that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It has been manage that for like forever? My mother told me once that one time when she went to Baguio, snow fell. I really dont know if she was telling the truth but being a child, I believed her. When she told me that story, I guess I was 5 years old. During those times, going out in the sun during 9 o quantify in the morning is still safe and it wont bring you any harm. The suns rays were still friendly.Comparing those times to the present time, one would note that there were lesser vehicles electricity was not a major major commodity we have more trees and forests deforestation and kaingin were not that rampant generally, we were living a simple, eco-friendly and less innovative kind of life. Nowadays, our way of life has improved but it had adverse effects. The one that has been greatly affected was the milieu. As our way of living continues to improve, so does the temperature. The temperature improves in the way that it continues increasing.As men find ways in improving their way of living, they intentionally and unintentionally destroy the environment the increase in global temperature seems to go with it. Basing on what is happening today and on what had happened, it seems very logical that global warming may really be man-made. It seems to be caused greatly by mans activities. Man has been destroying the Earth and global warming is one of the indicators that it is indeed in the verge of destruction. simply the eyeshade of A Great Global Warming Swindle is that the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is much greater than the amount of carbon dioxide. So what? you may ask. It matters because, as a matter of fact, water vapor itself is a greenhouse gas. This somehow piqued my curiosity. Was I wrong for believing that global warming is man-made? To feed mans curiosity there are two things, among all innovations and inventions, that were proven to be very helpful look and the internet. Though research in high school has deprived me of one factor essential in a persons biological growth that is sleep I did a little of it to support my stand by basing on the opinions of others.Here is a summary of what I have read from different sources Although the documentary was welcomed by global warming skeptics, it was criticized by scientific organizations and individual scientists (including two of the films contributors). The films critics argued that it had misused and fabricated data, relied on out-of-date research, industrious misleading arguments, and misrepresented the position of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Wikipedia. ) they completely misrepresented me. My views were distorted by the context in which they placed them.I was misled as to what it was going to b e about. I was told about six months ago that this was to be a programme about how complicated it is to understand what is going on. If they had told me raze the title of the programme, I would have absolutely refused to be on it. I am the one who has been swindled (Professor Carl Wunsch, Pure Propaganda The Great Global Warming. ) In other words, carbon dioxide does not initiate the warmings, but acts as an amplifier once they are underway. (Professor Severinghaus, Pure Propaganda The Great Global Warming. )According to some, the documentary might have wrongly presented or misinterpreted the ideas of the scientists and the data they have gathered. They might have spread absurd arguments and have caused great confusion, especially to the viewers. To others, the documentary might have been enlightenment to what is really happening. But in the end, it is up for us to choose which side we are going to believe. It does not matter if you are the only one who seems to have a differen t view compared to others. Always remember, there are no wrong opinions only those that oppose everyone elses.

Multicultural Population Study Essay

The objective of this look for is to analyze the community based in the U. S. , most of them be Asians in this seek we be public lecture come up-nigh the Filipinos who are functional in U. S. most of them are working t here(predicate) in cheap wages. The commonwealth of Filipinos are change magnitude in US are increasing rapidly. Number of Filipinos are working abroad especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their stimulate homeland beca employ of monetary necessities. The next step would be conducting a navigate correction to test the execution of distributing the survey doubtnaires on a large casing.All randomness poised from this pilot study will be analyzed if necessary by Fine-tuning. There will be a method recruitment which based on some criteria like Filipino workers will be the resident of U. S. for at least two years with valid work permit and also drive an experience of at least one year in U. S. Filipinos as afield workers in Americ a has a dominant part in the workforce. Remittances of Filipino oversea workers have played a stabilizing role notably during Asian crisis when remittances flows moon curser the sharp reduction in capital inflows.Most of the Filipinos are migrating towards U. S. for their intermit musical accompaniment and to help there relatives in their homeland by giving them foreign vary. The Filipinos country is also stabilizing due to the foreign exchange which is coming from abroad by their Nationals. A large number of questioners make common errors during their instructive process in investigate study these errors result into mistaking of the selective information and inaccurate results that need to be avoided.There are some errors which are selective observations, imprecise observation and Illogical reasoning and Ego companionship in understanding. Select a Population During regular trips on grocery markets and shops, I have noticed that a friend of mine have utilise several forei gners with dissimilar backgrounds, mostly Asians My inquiring mind asked my friend about it since, I have notice that there are a lot of them on different shops I went to. My friend told me that they were Filipinos working there and she also explained to me that theres a small community of them in our Town.I was curious with that point and I decided to question about them and create a multicultural study from it. The part of this multicultural study is to analyze overseas Filipino workers here in the US. According to the American Community Survey, in 2005, about 3,252,678 Filipinos and Filipino-Americans live in the join States. However, this number is speculated to be at more than 5. 5 million, consort to many Filipino-American organizations, with 1 million that are undocumented (All experts, 2010).We will use a descriptive approach a typical case study in which the mission of this service oriented case study is specific to Filipinos overseas workers (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995) . And this will be through with(p) to study intensively on why does a lot of Filipinos, especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland, sacrificing leaving their families and friends on the Philippines. Although we might already have some assumptions on the reasons they may have, but what is it clearly? Case studies typically document what happened differently than do comparative studies (Confrey & Stohl 2004).This study will also go beyond their take to the woods but also analyze their culture and religious preferences, as this social domain was one of the offset printing areas seekd mediators of the religion-health association (Baetz & Toews, 2009) purpose of which is further deliver inputs on this studys overall goal of answering why the increasing number of Filipinos coming in. The smack size will also be substantive and case studies will be repeated a number of times to assess if there are similar findings from different individuals, in w hich the results can be, extrapolate (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995).A survey will also be included to provide some data on age, gender and type of employment, again to assist equiprobable supporting lucubrates on the rout. And finally, to have a decent projection if this trend will continue, a further Trend study will be applied to examine changes over time (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). The results will probably indicate organizational support for multicultural/social justice issues and gains in the participants multicultural competence ( Zalaquett, Foley, Tillotson, Dinsmore & Hof, 2008).Potential honest Issues It is of prime importance to consider potential honourable issue on conducting this research, especially dealing with an unfamiliar race to be the people of this present study. Tapping into the values that our designated population advocate and the understandings of why do Filipinos immigrate is a challenging endeavour. The complexity of is magnified, in particular this cas e in which I do not share the cultural background of the people whose values I will be studying.Problems with irresponsible professional conduct and unhonorable behavior in the sciences are not limited to biomedical research (Artino Jr & Brown 2009). Meaning that even experienced researchers need to understand the professional rules regarding the conduct of ethical research. The increasing attention to ethical issues by counsellors and other professionals appears to be part of ongoing trends in the larger society toward increasing recognition of individual rights, increasing demands for accountability, and changing views of counselling and research (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995).My research question is why does a lot of Filipinos, especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland. The potential ethical issue here probably would be the possible temptation to overemphasize general hypothesis of conclusions to the express research question, like support an answer that Filipinos work abroad because of monetary necessities. In choosing participants an assessment will be made by me by beginning a general enquiry to the possible motivations for a persons decision to volunteer to join the research.According to Appelbaum, Lidz & Klitzman (2009), populations in underdeveloped countries are often thought to be subject to a variety of coercive influences, ranging from pressures exerted by authority figures to difficulty understanding that research participation is voluntary. The risk besides what is already stated possibly could be the inconvenience of a participant in answering surveys which could take an ample amount of time this could be mitigated by the benefit of this research to provide a clear conclusion as to why the increasing trend of my target population is coming in this country.That is why I need an clutch method to employ when designing this research to avoid negative consequences of an unethical study. Vignette methodology has been found to be particularly useful to study fitly why Filipinos leave their country to work abroad. I will also follow strictly the guideline ethical principles of Psychologists and code of conduct of 2002.Regulations for human relations such as stated on unfair discrimination explains that In their work-related activities, psychologists do not engage in unfair discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or any basis proscribed by law. (APA, 2009, Standard 3. 03). 1. ) If you where to create a brief numbered list of research questions what would they be? Create a list of research questions be specific with a minimum of 5 questions. What is your job here in this country? What is your educational background? How long have you been staying here? Why have you chosen to work here? How old are you? 2. ) How are these research questions correlated to developing the me thodology (The structure and analysis of your data) of your integrative projects? These questions are very important to provide ample results to comprehend our analysis. The first question will help on what are the studyity of jobs here which Filipinos came here for.educational background, explains the skill level they have to perform their work and also as a basis of comparison and contrast if for example one participant has a Masters degree but is working on a blue collar job. The question about the duration of staying here can help this research study understand if they are working only temporarily here or already reservation a career out of it. The fourth question is basically the fundamental question in which defines our study, why do Filipinos work here and can definitely streng thusly conclusive data that we may get from that question alone.The last question supports the demographic analysis to verify the age range of Filipinos working here. computer schedule of Action According to Hadley & Mitchell (1995), planning is the second major phase of a research project and involves a representation on all the subsequent phases data collection, data analysis, interpretation and reporting. Following the guidelines on the planning process and steps, I will create a literary productions review to make it easier for me to conduct my research and im enhance this projects quality. My preliminary plan is to conduct survey to my chosen population which are the Filipinos.The next step would be conducting a pilot study to test the execution of distributing the survey questionnaires on a large scale. Purpose of this pilot study also includes gathering information of the Filipino participants and to go for planned procedures before using them in the main study (Hadley & Mitchell 1995, p. 167). All information gathered from this pilot study will be analyzed and rewrite if necessary through Fine-tuning, as to prepare myself to make different changes before proceedi ng to my main body of research.Administrative arrangements will also be through with(p) to make sure I have all the necessary requirements to do the main research The mixed-method approach will be used in conducting this study, for first soft method of inquiry which aims to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour and investigate the reasons why does Filipinos keep on working abroad instead staying and living in their motherland (Denzin & Lincoln 2005). This method could produce general conclusions that could also be considered informative guesses, Followed by a quantitative method which can be used to verify which of such hypothesis are facts (Whitley 2007).Meta-analysis will also be applied to avoid discounting probable non-significant data response on the said survey (Howard, Hill, Maxwell, Baptista, Farias, & Coehlno, 2009). Recruitment The proposed study entitled Multicultural Study on Filipino Overseas Contract Workers in the US involves the task of selecting part icipants, securing consent in their participation, providing a background and purpose of the study, gathering responses, and interpreting data gathered.The method of selecting the participants are based on the following criteria specifically Filipino workers residing in the US for at least 2 years with valid working VISA, has employment status for at least one year, and is willing to participate in the study. The sample size needs to be sufficient that the different categories of industry such as in healthcare, tourism, labour, and information technology among others are represented. Filipinos as overseas workers in America has a dominant part in the workforce.An evidence of this statement is based on a study that presented large remittances flows and international migration have been big(a) features of the Philippine economy for many decades (Burgess, R. & Haksar, V. 2005). In fact, remittances serve as a pillar of the Philippine economy mainly as a relatively fixed source of for eign exchange. One of the population of Filipino overseas workers, Filipino hold dears would choose to work in the US for higher wages, better living and working conditions, and opportunities to advance their education and expertise (Aiken, L et al. , 2005).Another study showed that the current US nurse shortage would place more pressure for additional kernel to increase foreign nurse recruitment (Brush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. 2006). The sample population of this study is qualified Filipino overseas workers based on the given criteria who will then be given questionnaires to determine their reasons, experiences and motivations on migrating to USA. Peer brush uped References Remittances of Filipino overseas workers have played a stabilizing role notably during Asian crisis when remittances flows offset the sharp reduction in capital inflows.A study made by Burgess and Haksar showed that Filipino overseas workers contribute to the remittances sent to the Philippines. The s ampling resource should then be based on Filipino workers who have a valid working VISA and sends his or her share of remittances to the home country. In this way, the researcher will determine and know how many Filipino overseas workers earn and send remittances home. Various reasons and motivations push Filipino overseas workers, especially nurses to work in a foreign land.Filipino nurses would choose to work in the US for higher wages, better living and working conditions, and opportunities to advance their education and expertise (Aiken, L. et al. , 2005). The study attempts to determine the reasons why Filipino overseas workers would give up their work and living in his or her country to seize the chance to go to the US. It is arouse to note that there is a higher possibility of continued Filipino migration to United States as overseas workers in the years to come. The current US nurse shortage places more pressure for additional means to increase foreign nurse recruitment (B rush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. 2006).The sample population should be well represented through a sample choice of respondents working in different sectors of the community, namely health care, programming, office jobs, among others. In this way, the large sample size leads to increased precision in estimates of various properties of the population. Compare Data Collection It is reported that large population of Filipino people live in America and even well trained professionals from Philippines tend to leave their homeland besides missing their family and friends (American Psychological Association, 2002).The clear reasons behind this personal preference need to be explored in detail with well-tailored research program. The research exercise proposed require detailed categorization of data types based on which the methodology could be decided. The research would require two the qualitative as well as quantitative type information (Appelbaum et al, 2009). The qualitative fact ors would help the research to understand the non-quantifiable factors or the responses that are more descriptive in nature like better acceptability of Filipinos in U. S.While any specific measure like the percentage of Filipino population in U. S. crosswise different time is an example of quantitative information (Le, 2010). Thus the main research questions that need to be answered through research are explained below What is the major reason that attracts Filipino to United States. This question would give specific information regarding the major reason that attracts the Filipino to U. S. This information could be collected from the records at outdoor(a) affairs departments regarding the various employment opportunities being availed by Filipinos (Le. , 2010).Is there gender skewness in the movement of Filipino population to US ? This question tries to explore whether any specific gender specific attractions are being offered in U. S. (American Psychological Association, 2002). This could be collected in the questionnaire survey. In addition, a set of qualitative information on their objective in traveling to US are also collected. Is the employment attraction or the pride of being in United States of America a key factor that drives the people to undertake this journey is the vital element in the research (American Psychological Association, 2002).Also, the level of protection of well-grounded cover of a Filipino in United States and the level of service oriented ness in an average Filipino across the Asian population are also explore here giving due importance to the ethical component in the research initiative (Atrino and Brown, 2009). Compare Data compendium There are two research studies that are similar in the area of interest specifically having the sample population who are Filipinos working in the States.The difference of the sample population between the studies is that the current study investigates the reasons why Filipino overseas contract workers choose to migrate and work in a foreign land rather than in their native land, Philippines, while the other study focuses on the levels of stress among Filipino registered nurses in the States. The multicultural study on Filipino overseas contract workers in the US would require the use of both quantitative and qualitative types of data (Appelbaum et al, 2009).On the other hand, the other research focusing on the levels of stress among Filipino registered nurses in the US made use of the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS). The similarity of the two studies is that both used a mixed method gathering data based on the responses of their respective sample population. The multicultural study on Filipino overseas contract workers in the US and its data will be better understood when the responses are expressed in a descriptive form and in quantitative information. Thus, the current study utilized a mixed method, which is quantitative and qualitative.The data are based on the fo llowing questions asked to the sample population the better acceptability of Filipinos in US, what is the major reason that attracts some Filipinos to US, is there gender skewness in the movement of some Filipinos to the US (American Psychological Association, 2002), and the level of protection of legalities of these Filipino as overseas contract workers in the US. The quantitative information, according to the study, are those percentage of Filipino population in US across different periods of time,A data analysis method used on the study that explores the stress levels of Filipino registered nurses in US emphasizes on the use of a scale called Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) by French et al. (2000) without any need for identifying information. Thus, the study concealed the identities of the participants. Upon comparison, it is noted that the current study does not use any measuring scale to gather important and pertinent data of the sample population. The topic of interest is limited to the reasons and motivations on why Filipino overseas workers chose to migrate in the US.Hence, there is no appropriate scale to facilitate in the process of data gathering. I am therefore confident in the method of data analysis for the current study. The challenge is to administer the structured questionnaire and interview as efficient as possible. Additionally, the most updated and recent statistics should be secured for the purpose of having reliable data. The ethics of confidentiality and privacy are two ethical issues that are crucial to social researchers who, by the very core of their research, typically requests participants to share them their perception, attitudes, thoughts, and experiences (Gregory 2003).The question of ethics also plays into the method of data analysis when it comes to protecting the identities of individuals and the companies they work for. The modification that should be applied to the current study is to omit any identifying information of the sample population upon data analysis and interpretation. Common Errors Introduction A large number of researchers make common errors during their interpretive process in research study (Weed, 2005) these errors result into misinterpretation of the data and inaccurate results that need to be avoidedSelective observation Selective scrutiny takes place when the researcher draws attention to the observations to prove his or her prior understanding and beliefs about the topic of study. In order to avoid this error, I will review and make some evaluations on literatures done by other researchers for relationship analysis about the subject of study. In addition, I will vigilantly take notes rather than depend on my memory. place sampling will help me to concentrate on a smaller task for a specified period of time and gather the data that is accurate.A research conducted by (Weed, 2005) on Meta interpretation, confirms that several methods of research synthesis that emerge as a result of lack of understanding of interpretivists on customary literature reviews, have been put in place with no sense of the findings from the anthological studies. The study aimed at providing a valid method of Meta interpretation that centered on interpretive synthesis of data for improved research. Imprecise ObservationMistaken observation happens when the researcher fails to record down the data during the research study. I will contract on the really task observations to boost my accuracy in gathering and interpreting the data. Illogical Reasoning Illogical reasoning takes place when the researcher makes assumptions that are inconsistent . To eliminate this error, I will base my study on the existing research theories and make broad utilization of peer evaluation of my books to rectify on the aspects that will tend to be reasoned illogically.Suggestions made by (Resnik, 2009) on the meaning of research ethics and its importance, found several reasons for adhering to ethical stan dards in research and are listed below i. Supporting the objectives of research ii. Promotion of important values for collaboration iii. Ability for researchers to account for the public demands iv. Moral and communal values. Ego Participation in Understanding Self involvement in understanding occurs when the researcher accepts human side force the outcomes and his or her views on the findings of research study done by others.I will remain neutral and honest while carrying out my research study. According to (Kaptchuk, 2008) on the analysis of the make of bias interpretation of research data, states that facts cannot build up on the empty schedules of researchers minds and data cannot articulate for itself. He encourages the researchers to advance on their critical assessment skills since data is predictably subjective and it can result in bias. Kaptchuk also argues that unbiased data interpretation is very vital in the production of sound judgments. lastCareful methods of data in terpretation results into accurate findings and eliminates errors associated with misinterpretation that are carelessly made by researchers. Adhering to ethical standards in research helps to produce qualitative results from a research study. References Aiken, L. , Buchan, J. , Sochalski, J. , Nichols, B. and Powell, M. , (2005), Trends in International Nurse Immigration. Health Affairs, Vol. 23 No. 3, 69-77. All Experts (2010). Countries with large Filipino populations, (Data File), Retrieved from http//en. allexperts. com/e/o/ov/overseas_filipino. htm.American Psychological Association, (2002). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code Of Conduct (PDF) Appelbaum, P. , Lidz, C. , & Klitzman, R. (2009). Voluntariness of Consent to Research A Preliminary Empirical Investigation. 39(1)3039. Hastings Center Report Artino Jr. A, & Brown, S. (2009), ethical motive in Educational Research A comparative analysis of Graduate Student and Faculty Beliefs. College Student Journal, 439(2), 5 99-615. Retrieved from Academic Research Database Baetz, M. and Toews, J. Clinical implications of research on religion, spirituality, and mental health.Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 5 (Mar 2009) 292-301. Brush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. , (2006), Imported Care Recruiting Foreign Nurses to U. S. Health Care Facilities, Health Affairs, Vol. 23 No. 3, 78-87. Burgess, R. & Haksar, V. , (2005), Migration and Foreign Remittances in the Philippines. IMF workings Paper. Volume 5. p. 3. Confrey, J. and Stohl, V (2004). On evaluating curricular effectiveness judging the quality of K-12 mathematics evaluations. National Academies Press, 167. Denzin, N & Lincoln, Y. (Eds. ). (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed. ). yard Oaks, CA Sage. ISBN 0-7619-2757-3 French, S. E. , Lenton, R. , Walters. , V. Eyles, J. (2000). An empirical evaluation of an expanded nursing stress scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 8(2), 161-78. Gregory, I. (2003). Ethics in Research. New York Continuum, 45 Hadley, R. and Mitchell, L. (1995). Counseling research and program evaluation. Brooks/Cole Hadley, R. G. & Mitchell, L. K. , (1995), Counseling research and program evaluation. Pacific Grove, Ca Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.Howard, G. , Hill, T. , Maxwell, S. , Baptista, T. , Farias, M. , & Coehlno, C. et al (2009), Whats wrong with research literatures? And how to make them right, Review of General Psychology, 13(2), 146-166 Kaptchuk, T. , (2008). Effect of interpretive bias on research evidence. Boston Osher Institute. Le, C. N. (2010) , Population Statistics & Demographics Asian-Nation The Landscape of Asian America Retrieved from on 8 May 2010. Resnik, D. , (2009). What is Ethics in Research & Why is It Important. New York Oxford University Press. Shamoo, A. , &Resnik, D. , (2009), Responsible Conduct of Research, 2nd Ed. New York Oxford University Press.Weed, M. , (2005), Meta Interpretation A Method for the Interpretive Synthesis of Qualitative Rese arch. phoenix Wright Mills Whitley, R. (2007). Mixed-method studies. Journal of mental health, 16(6), 697-701 Zalaquett, C. , Foley, P. , Tillotson, K. , Dinsmore, J. , Hof, D. (2008). Multicultural and Social Justice Training for Counselor Education Programs and Colleges of Education Rewards and Challenges. Journal of Counseling & Development, Volume 86, Number 3, 323 329.

Sports-Cultural Comparison

Sports Cultural Comparison Lisa Bowling Today, as Americans, we ar surrounded by an increase number of very different cultures, and along with that we be surrounded by numerous cultural differences.These differences between our culture and the cultures surrounding us deal with both aspect of life, from clothing to food to music, even our recreational activities, like sports. In our American culture we are flooded by mainstream sports such as basket crank, footb every, and of melt baseball, our internal pastime. With the coarse amount of coverage those main sports receive, Americans are sometimes unaware of what other cultures tolerate to offer. Whether they are being run fored, watched, read ab forbidden, or dreamed about, sports are everywhere, as are the cultural differences within them.A brief look at five different sports will reveal equitable a a few(prenominal) of these differences, ranging from variations in rules to sports that are beginning to gain popular ity to sports that are almost completely unknown in the United countrys, as well as show the effects that differences have on our own culture. Korfball First we will introduce you to the sport of Korfball, which was founded in Holland by an Amsterdam teacher, Nico Broekhuijsen in 1903. Nico once at god a fleshly education workshop in Sweden. He observed a blue called ringball with work force and women playing together.He liked the coeducational dowry of the game, so he rewrote the game, refined the rules and changed the ring goal to a basket. This basket is called de korf, which is Dutch, thus the name of the game. He wanted to have all his students be regard in a game, regardless of their gender. It is one of the few sports that involve men and women on the aggroup. As a demonstration sport, it was introduced to the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, and then again in 1928 in Amsterdam. In 1933, the International Korfball Federation was founded in Belgium, but it asnt until 1985 tha t the sport was recognized by the International Olympic Committee and to a fault the area Games. Every tetrad years the International Korfball Federation now holds the Korfball World Championships. Out of all the teams competing for the chance to have the championship, only two teams get to compete. Korfball is gaining popularity by m each countries like Canada, Australia, England, Germany, Belgium, and South Africa. The object of the game is to shoot the ball with two hands through a cylindrical shaped basket.It is similar to basketball, save a little harder considering the basket is twelve feet high, attached to a single wooden post, and located in the middle of the attack district. This differs from basketball, where the baskets are only ten feet high and are located on each end of the court. The court is about 44 yards by 99 yards that is marked by white tape. As stated before the baskets are approximately twelve feet high and are placed eleven yards from the end line. The b all itself resembles a soccer ball and is a tad bit smaller than a basketball (whether it is for men or women).Its circumference is 27 inches, unlike the basketball that is 30 inches for men and 29 inches for women. Since Korfball is a team sport, individual excellence is critical importance, but is only when it is passed through team work. The team consists of four men and four women. Typically the women would defend the women and the men would defend the men. Korfball players catch, throw and run with the ball. It is considered a non-contact, non-collision sport. Each player has their own zone to cover and may not move from it. Each team has four players in each of the three zones.The ball in play is moved only by hand movements. Unlike basketball, there is no dribbling, no topboards, physical contact is not allowed, slam dunks are prohibited (unlikely though since the basket is much higher), and it is a violation of rules to shoot the ball if you are guarded. Height and size of the player is not important since scoring is when the players are constantly moving, running, and perfectly passing the ball to each other. A game lasts about 90 proceedings with the object of scoring de korf. Curling Next we will take a look at the up and coming sport of curl.You may have neer heard of curling until its recent emergence in the last two Winter Olympics. It is not one of the most traditional sports and there are no monstrosities of men and women participating. It is a sport known more for its grace, skill, and the ability to think through any situation that may be thrown your way. Curling has fair begun to gain popularity here in the States, however it originated long ago in Scotland. The first documented games of curling were in Scotland and Holland. The Scots develop the game and formalized rules by 1807.Scottish emigres eventually brought curling to Canada, New Zealand and the United States later in the 1800s (USA Curling), and along with that came many differ ent variations of the game. Canada and Scotland quickly became the two powerhouses of the sport, with Canada revolutionizing the way the game was played, leaving Scotland stuck in the past. Popularity of the sport rose around the world, as the newcomers from Canada took on Scotland in the Scotch Cup matches in 1959. Controversy quickly arose from the new demeanor of curling Canada was playing, as the vanquished the best Scotland had to offer.The old met the new in the first Scotch Cup series of matches in 1959. Controversy there was aplenty in Scotland, as the Canadians of the new game vanquished the best Scotland had to offer. The International Curling Federation is now in place to provide the sport with firm guidelines and internationally accepted rules of play. The compact does leave room for change and improvement, however, as change is sure to arise from technological advances, introduction of new techniques, strategies, rules, and from the improvement of shot-making ability of individual players who strive for flawlessness in their chosen game (Cowan).Now that you have a slight background on the sport of Curling, we will take a look at curling in the United States. The United States Mens Curling Association was founded in 1958 and later renamed in United States Curling Association callable to gender equality, USCA for short. The sport saw its largest growth in 1998, when curling made its full bay wreath debut at the Nagano Olympics (Karuizawa venue). In the 2002 Olympics held in Salt Lake City, (Ogden venue) curling emerged as a surprise television hit. Later, in 2006 in Torino, U. S. curlers won their first-ever Olympic decoration (USA Curling).This sport is obviously on the rise in the American culture and maybe one day will be more widespread in the States. It will probably never be on the same(p) level as basketball, football or baseball. But every sport has to start somewhere. Hockey When it comes to hockey, in order to discuss the cultural di fferences between the US and other countries, you need not look any further than to our friends up north in Canada. While we as Americans probably view our hockey confederacy as the fourth most important sports league behind baseball, football, and basketball (those being in no particular order), Canadians cherish the sport.It is actually the countrys official pass sport. There is no doubt that hockey has been played in Canada for centuries, still there is no definitive origin of when it was officially established. (Hockey Canada) We do know, however, that the first organization actually dealing with the administration and development of the sport was the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC), which was organized on the 8th of December, 1886. (Hockey Canada) In comparison, the content Hockey League (NHL), which is the American hockey league in existence today, did not form until 1917.Even then, the league struggled to field more than a few teams its first couple of decades . In America over the past couple weeks, hockey has been gaining more coverage because of the Olympics, and the United States teams success. The gold medal game against Canada was the most watched hockey game in history in our country, beating out our own leagues championship series. This statistic still pales in comparison to the fact that the preliminary round game against the US was one of the most viewed sporting events on in Canadas history.Even better, the gold medal game drew an even bigger audience and, in fact, became the most watched sporting event ever in the country. Nearly one-half the Canadian community watched the entire game on average, while 80 percent of Canadians watched some part of the game (26. 5 million). (Vancouver Sun) As you can see, there is a huge difference in the way the sport is viewed in our two cultures. Lacrosse Another sport that is just beginning to gain more popularity in our country, and culture, is the sport of lacrosse. Again, we fagt have to look far to find where this sport is a large part of a culture.While hockey is Canadas official winter sport, lacrosse is the countrys official summer sport. Much like the history of hockey, the date in which the sport was invented is not certain, but it is thought to date back to the 12th century. Lacrosse, which was originally played between Native Americans in the US and Canada, flourished in the 19th century in Canada as, the National Lacrosse Association became the first national sport governing body in North America. (Canadian Lacrosse Association) The sport is played both indoors and out, with leagues consisting of both types existing in Canada as well as the US.The National Lacrosse League (NLL) was started in 1987 and is played indoors, while Major League Lacrosse (MLL) was founded in 1999 and is the outdoor version. Although these leagues have both been in existence for at to the lowest degree a decade, the NLL consists of only 11 teams, while MLL is made up of a meag er six teams. While the number of teams in the professional ranks, and the leagues in general, are often overshadowed by the major sports in our country, the sport is the fastest growing sport in our country. National lacrosse participation increased 8. percent in 2009, harmonize to research by US Lacrosse for its annual participation report. There were 568,021 lacrosse players that were members of organized teams across the country in 2009, from the youth level all the way on up through the professional ranks. (US Lacrosse) It is estimated that participation in lacrosse in the US will double in the next ten years, and as it continues to grow in will continue to become a greater part of our culture. football game Somewhere in America a man, who is referred to as the quarterback, is standing on a field of fake grass made of astro-turf.He is covered almost head-to-toe in enough protective padding that could possibly protect him from a railcar running into him. He is hurling a cow h ide covered prolate spheroid through the air. He is hoping that his teammate will catch this ball without being tackled by someone from the opposing team. His goal is to run with this ball to the opposite end of the field into the opposing teams end zone to score points. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. This sport is known as football.The history of American football goes back to the first half of the 19th century and its origins can be traced back to the game of rugby, which is primarily played in the UK. Walter Camp took the game of rugby and converted many of its rules into the American football we know today. Walter Camp is hailed as the Father of American Football. Football can be played at the high school, college, and professional level, and all levels are governed by nationally accredited associations. The Ohio League was the first professional league formed in 1903, and then in 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed.The firs t game was played in Dayton, Ohio. Many places around the world also share in playing the sport of football. They include, but are not limited to Japan, the UK, Germany, England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Mexico. While these countries participate in playing the game, there are many variations in how they play the game. Australia, England, and New Zealand for example play the game of rugby. The ball is slightly larger and heavier than its American counterpart, and requires virtually no physical protective equipment. Consequently, Rugby has been called the toughest and most demanding sport in the world.Canada, the UK, Germany and Japan have very similar football leagues compared to the US, with their rules only varying slightly. Football is one of Americas most played sports and greatest pastimes. It is as much a part of our culture as peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. College football in the state of Ohio however has its own culture, and it is huge ESPN recently ranked Oh io State football 3 in all of the college football programs dating back to 1936. You can walk in almost any grocery store or department store and find Ohio State football accessories.Buckeye necklaces, jerseys, hats and coats are just some of the long list of items you can purchase and wear to accept your team. If its game weekend, most work places not only allow but encourage you to wear something to support the team. There is even enough stuff out there to decorate the inside of your entire house. We even have our own candy The delicious Buckeyes are the official sweet treat at any football party. Every weekend of the football playing season you can find men, women and children of all ages dressed up in their scarlet and grey huddle in front of their televisions cheering for their team.There is nothing that can bring together or separate the tightest of friends and family than an Ohio State game. The line of loyalty to their favorite team runs deep, especially when it comes to th e all-so-famous Ohio State-Michigan game. If you are brave enough to declare your loyalty to Michigan, you better get ready for some opposition from someone with scarlet and grey. Ohio State also has the best damn band in the land and Brutus the mascot to add to its long list of signature cultural items. The pay scale for football players even surpasses the profits of the President of the United States.Sources 2009 Participation Survey. US Lacrosse. 01 Jan 2010. US Lacrosse, Web. 4 Mar 2010. . A Short History of Lacrosse in Canada. Canadian Lacrosse Association, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. . Canada-U. S. Olympic Hockey Final Gold for TV Ratings. Vancouver Sun, 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. . History of Hockey Canada. Hockey Canada, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . International Korfball Federation. International Korfball Federation, 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. . Korfball. Wikipedia, 26 Feb. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. .

Corruption in the Teamsters Union

In 1902 a conclave of horse and buggy drivers created the groupsters confederacy, in that the Teamsters were employed to transport goods. This occupation has vie an all important(p) part in the economic development of the unify States. Although they worked under difficult circumstances at the turn of the twen liaisonth century they began to br current(prenominal)(a)hoodize on an extensive scale. There was no established national giving medication until 1912 that the truck drivers were secure. Back in those days certain crafts and professions were considered as popular-interest endeavors, which were licensed and regulated by the township authorities.Included in the teamsters which started with cart-men were doorkeepers, butchers, and bakers. With the public being so reliant on these crafts they showed a monopoly and the members would join in strikes, to change supply and demand so they could adjoin prices for their products. In addition, the strikes served the purpose in securing higher wages and fees for ser sins, and to keep outsiders from operating in the same craft. The strikes came round as early as the seventeenth century, although on that point werent any conflicts between labor and management.Instead, the strikes represented demonstrations against local anaesthetic laws and directives and were aimed in influencing the actions of town councils. There were numerous grievances due to the charges and rates established by localities for teamsters and in the seventeenth century cart-men did not work for earnings but owned the horses and wagons. Back in 1677 New York held the first tribunal for a strike in which, Twelve truckmen were dismissed by the common council for not carrying out the duties prescribed for them by the metropolis.The prosecution charged that the men were in contempt it did not prove its case upon conspiracy. Conditions prevailing in New York city were typical of those under which cart-men labored prior to 1850. (Witwer) The New York teamsters were categorized as an individual labor group and from each matchless(prenominal) of them had to be licensed by the mayor. This allowed the city to imbibe control over the cost of transporting or delivering goods through its streets and as business endeavors in the metropolitan area increased, a variety of regulations were passed.This complicated specifications on cart sizes, speed z mavens, and preventive measures to deter noise and accidents. After the Revolutionary War, the New York City council maintained stringent control over the work of cart-men doorkeepers, butchers, and bakers. During this condemnation cart-men do request to the council that would limit who could enter into their craft in 1785, which kept transient residents in the city during the rack upmer out of their businesses. It wasnt until 1790, which licenses as teamsters were sought-after(a) after by the old, frail, and unskilled workers.According to Brill, In 1792, the Cart-mens S ociety was founded for the relief of distressed members. In 1797, as a result of flagrant abuses by teamsters in New York City operating without a license and charging extortionate feesall licenses were revoked. The cart-men were re nonionised in groups of forty-nine, each headed by a foreman. In 1800, there were twenty such companies. Stiff penalties were imposed for violations of ordinances. The International Brformer(a)hood of Teamsters (IBT) labor marrow has been to a greater extent embroiled in territorial cases and doppelganger concretionism.When it was initially established, this sum of money has been engaged in incessant critical disputes over jurisdiction. These disputes often affect umpteen world(prenominal) unions, just about associated either with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) or the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and those with no affiliation to either federation. The bark of major concern was the inquiry of the proper union for a particu lar group of men, yet it entailed index over a precise job region.Many occurrences were an actual contest for situation over a specific region and the complexity concerning jurisdiction that the teamsters have come upon has occurred due to the union making steady attempt s to expand. The incentives for such exploits were very diverse to include workers with functions closely related to others already performed by members of the union. In addition, the collaboration is essential for the triumphant exertion of economic strong hold among employers.Workers have also been organized to prevent their assimilation by a rival unions, with regions being expanded locally, helps to boost the power of local leading and nationally expand Commercial and industrial enterp deck ups. Daniel J. Tobin was the chairperson of the Teamsters Union from 1907 TO 1952, which he grew and was not in control of the fiscal policies pursued by locals in the union. Tobin exerted a get outful authority over de cisions which touch the relationship of the IBT with the other associations of the labor playactment and he served as representative for a significant sector of the labor force.The power of Tobin was not challenged until 1930 when Dave Beck become known, with this Tobins rise to power was plodding. Tobin was born in Ireland in 1875 and in 1889 he journeyed alone to the United States. Tobin eventually became a driver-salesman, which lead him into the joining the local Team Drivers International (TDL) Union in Boston, Massachusetts. From there he became a member of Boston topical anesthetic 25 and was chosen a representative to the Niagara Falls company of 1903 it was at that convention that IBT was organized.According to Witwer, Tobin said When I returned I was discharged for being an agitator and found it difficult to find troth. I did find employment at $12 a week, working 12 hours a day. Tobin ran for business representative for his local union in 1903 and after suffering fr om defeat (his lone(prenominal) defeat opus as a scene for potency inwardly the labor movement). He proceeded to hold various uses within the Boston chapter when in lordly 1907, Daniel J. Tobin, became prexy of the Teamsters and Chauffeurs District Joint Council 10 of Boston.Serving as his campaign manage and a business agent in Local 25 bottom M. Gillespie, nominated Tobin for presidency of IBT, where as upon winning Tobin institutionalizeed Gillespie as the International Organizer for the New England division. This life snip friendship led Gillespie to Indianapolis by Tobin in 1925 to take on the duties of assistant to the president. Subsequently, when Thomas L. Hughes died in 1941, Gillespie was appointed secretary-treasurer of the IBT and he was considered Tobins most trusted associate in the union until his death in 1946.As has been indicated, upon obtaining the presidency, Tobin faced numerous serious problems and disparities. His own executive board created more pro blems by the division amongst the members. Four vice presidents joined into a rival force and voted together on most issues, which the other three vice presidents and secretary of treasurer were unable to match or break. Tobin had to break the four to four tie in many cases by casting the decisive ballot. The Teamsters Union in New York brought Tobin up on charges in 1908, claiming that he had been elected illegally in that age convention.The joint council contended that Local 25 was not in good standing with the IBT so, Tobin was ineligible for office. With such unruly and undermining schemes including acts of cultivating and persuading withdrawal from Local 25 by Tobins confrontation on the board with some of the members while serving as officers of the IBT at the same time organizing free lance teamster unions. At the 1910 convention, Tobin accomplished extricating the symmetry of opposition and for the next thirty long time he was tterly unobstructed and uncontested in manag ing the personal matters of the International Office. The union in the first ten years had its highest level of conflict within the organization, while in quite a few cases officers of the IBT had acquired court sanctions restraining barred and obstinate locals with numerous techniques. Tobins triumph with assembling the union was based upon his firm observance of avoidance (empathy action for other unions in trouble) and vigilant cost-conscious spending of union resources.With Tobin being in charge of a pocket-size yet powerful union, he anticipated the threat of repeating previous deeds which had made it susceptible in the past. With this in mind during 10907 and the early 1930s the IBT avoided strikes, boycotts, and financial struggles assumed by other trade unions. Whereas, Tobin was extraordinary zealous guarding the treasury part of the union and the circumstances concerning strikes and lockouts were meticulously scrutinized before any benefits were paying out by the IBT to the local unions.With numerous rules and constitutional requirements being required before strike approval was approved by the IBT executive board. Tobin also sought to boost the finances during his tenure of office as president he fought for higher per capita taxes from the local teamster unions. Tobin would continuously boost with pride that being one of the larger labor organizations the Teamsters Union was insulated against economic dismissal due to a depression or bank failure.The biggest troubling factors in the first decade of Tobins judicial system was the dissension within the union, the behavior the members in the local teamster unions, the secession interchanges conducted by different groups, and the existence of adversary and contending unions, in various parts of the nation. loot and New York were the hubs for the difficulties experienced under this regime, as a whole the teamsters were considered rather obstinate workers that exhibited a rough and idiosyncratic atti tude.In 1906 there was more dissention at the convention which led to the creation of the United Teamsters of America (UTA). wampum, New York City, and St. Louis, IBT lost it drew about 10,000 men to the UTA, which weakened the IBT, furthermore increased the membership of locals which had been autonomous in the past. Tobin worked hard to bring the men back into the IBT and was triumphant in executeing an arrangement in 1908 where the majority of the locals that had departed choose to return. simoleons touchd with enormous dissention where a significant number of unions continued to be set out.By bringing back the locals from New York (formerly UTA) and the designation of one of their leadership as a vice president of the IBT led to the withdrawal of a second group of locals. Many of the second group that had left the IBT had essentially returned in 1911, yet before this while trying to work out an agreement in 1909 Tobin was brutal beaten in New York City. In the attack, Tob ins glasses were shattered, his ribs broken, and a complex open frame of his nose, but the worst was yet to come while he was hospitalized he ended up with blood poisoning and he lingered on the threshold of death.The separate unions in Chicago continued to prosper and ultimately an impasse was accomplished, drivers working in common transport functions had an inferred circumstance quo contract without going beyond the jurisdictional claims of the associated and separate locals. This realistic arrangement stayed unchanged until the early 1930s when some public officials applied force on the autonomous locals to join the IBT. These legislative officers were distressed by the magnitude of racketeering and mobster control in the teamsters unions in Chicago and believed unification would establish checks and balances on the powers of the local leaders.In Chicago the state of affairs progressively worsened, between 1928 and 1935, thugs from the Capone crew were in command of numerous locals of drivers. Some of the locals so rule were affiliated with the IBT and others were independent and with these circumstances, violence was not uncommon. In 1932 Patrick Burrell of Chicago the vice president of the local union was shot to death in a struggle between organized labor and mobsters in a derive of bullets. The subsequent year Henry Burger, an international organizer operating in Chicago, was shot and seriously wounded, therein came the appointment of Daniel A.Gilbert as the chief researcher for the states attorneys office in Cook County, Illinois, that law and order once again became the basis under which the locals operated. Gilbert had strong support and encouragement from Thomas J. Courtney, the states attorney, and city manager Edward J. Kelly of Chicago, with pressure from the businesses and the public had become somnolent from the immoderation of unionism about teamster unity and end labor discord and racketeering. (Zeller) By 1934, many of the independe nt locals had joined the IBT while Courtney continued to aid the teamsters in their giving medicational efforts.There were other aggressive outbreaks in Chicago where labor was involved and in 1951, IBT officials in Chicago were anxious that the Capone crew would return with warfare breaking out all over the city. There was a public appeal for police security measures against coercion by mobsters to the mayor by the vice president of the IBT willingiam A. Lee. There were two murders, three brutal assaults, and four bombings between 1950 and 1951 of teamster officials in Chicago with this the IBT did not ever have full power over workers working as drivers.The National War Labor Board (NWLB) acknowledged that the CIO controlled and represented trucking firms in other cities such as New Orleans and Detroit. Currently, the IBT is confronted with some(prenominal) of pockets of separatism throughout the nation. Tobin was able to combine and construct his power as president of the tea msters and become firmly embedded in office after 1910 due to no other member in the union gained national standing until the rise of Dave Beck. Tobin diligently avoided infuriating local leaders and except when circumstances were extraordinary or pressures were strong he refrained from intervening in local matters.With the power to appoint trustees in the local unions and joint councils where he felt officials were corrupt Tobin to exerted substantial influence in dealing with locals. Very few complaints were made about Tobins abuse of power when appointing trustees he progressively proceeded to expand the presidential term in office by increasing the time period between conventions. The time between conventions went from two years in 1908 to three years in 1912, and ultimately to five years in 1915 which helped in reducing the spending of the international union.Tobin argued that frequent conventions were unnecessary, while pointing out that the stoneworkers union was a fine organ ization even though it had held only one convention in twenty-eight years. Tobin broadened his labor connections, with the affiliation of the Canadian Trades and Labor Congress in 1920 then in 1928 affiliation with the building trades department of the AFL and in 1948 with the International Transport Workers Federation. Tobin was reelected unanimously each time he ran for the office of general president, yet without ever having complete control of the convention.When Tobin made requests and recommendations concerning monetary matters he was unequivocally turned down time and time again. It took until 1920 for the monthly per capita to be increased from 15 cents to 30 cents then it was increased again in 1952 to 40 cents. Tobins main scheme, was to set up an international death benefit program under which the estate of each deceased member in good standing would receive a specified sum this plan would increased the power of the IBT over the locals unions by giving the IBT control of a fund in which the individual members had an equity.In January 1929 a request made by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) for financial assistance, due to the garment workers being confronted by some serious organizational struggles. The IBT grudgingly wrote the ILGWU that the board did not have the power to grant loans of any kind for any purpose, not even to one of its own locals. As the Teamsters Union strengthened, Tobins reputation increased, he began to implement his authority as the representative of the AFL at the British Trades Union Congress, and as a delegate to the International Federation of Trade Unions in Amsterdam, Holland.Samuel Gompers gave great opposition to Tobin being elected treasurer of the AFL in 1917 he supported John B. Lennon, who had been the treasurer for the previous twenty-eight years. As a member of the executive council of the AFL, Tobin became one of its most imperative and vocal constituents while when John L. Lewis ran for AFL president, Tobin served as Gompers campaign manager. With numerous differences over the issues of policy within the executive council Tobin threatened to resign several times, yet he was convinced not to on every occasion.Although in 1928 with another dispute with the executive council concerning the endorsement of Alfred E. Smith as a candidate as the President of the United States, Tobin resigned as treasurer. Tobin recommended that the offices of secretary and of treasurer of the AFL be consolidated when he left his post, this was enacted in 1935, under Tobins leadership in becoming the ninth AFL president in 1934. The Federation increased the number of men in this office from eight to fifteen, while Tobin became a vice president of the building trades department of the AFL.Tobin progressed in the chain of command of the labor movement his union was con currently gaining power and size. The AFL was revived in 1933 due to the decision of the Teamsters Union to organize everything on wheels this is when the IBT became the most powerful union in the country. Threats to stop deliveries to and from companies who refuse accept terms of the teamsters allowed them to gain contracts in trucking and related industries. The IBT gave support to other unions engaged in picketing or bargaining negotiations which strengthened the position of these unions and fortified their objectives.Unions organizing workers who were working in diminished numbers in regular establishments, were they became dependent on the teamsters for assistance, with the division in the AFL in 1935, Tobin continued his opposition to the growth of industrial unions. He asserted that it was not possible to organize the steelworkers Tobin was fighting for the separation of teamsters from other workers. Tobin became the dominant core of labor leaders which favored craft unionism and he unequivocally maintained that industrial unionism would cause more luridness to the teamsters than to any other trade union.With the split between the AFL and CIO being complete, Tobin was one of the first labor leaders who strongly advocated reunification he vigorously championed a plea by President Roosevelt for unity in the labor movement despite the rather cool reception which the message authoritative from the other union heads present. Tobin was among the opposition to amending the Wagner Act, to make its stipulations more acceptable to the AFL. Supporters of the AFL contended that a majority of the members of the NLRB were prejudiced in favor of the CIO it was believed that changes in laws would be more favorable to employers.Tobin aggressively opposed the communists and had them outlawed from the IBT, with his serious dislike of Harry Bridges of the longshoremens union and his displeasure with John L. Lewis of the mine workers. The consequences with the fight for power within the Teamsters Union under the presidential term of Beck became apparent with the expulsion of the International Longshoremens Association from the AFL. At the beginning of 1956, the election race for the presidency of the teamsters joint council in New York City took place the national leaders of the union had to make their positions known.With internal dissension at an all time high the impression of complete harmony on the general executive board came under public scrutiny, disclosure of the level of bitterness and conflict within the union indicate that it is one of the most important of the past fifty years. While Tobin held the top post in the union most members were afraid to challenge his control, due to his effective leadership and the decentralization of the local leaders, caused sovereignty within their own unions.The local unions did not particularly aspire to expand their authority, with the arrival of Beck and the conference technique of organization, the progression of centralization began. Tobin fought hard and unsuccessfully to prevent the progression of centralization, eventu ally Beck had his way and gained much power even before he took over the leadership. At the beginning of his administration as general president, Dave Beck foresaw a strong centralized union with power vested in his hands looking toward the elimination of racketeering and corruption.To this end, Beck intensified his endeavors to complete the creation of conferences, with the size of the union and the colossal burden which his office entailed, Beck act to stay clear of direct contact with organizational and bargaining work with regards to issues in policy formation and jurisdictional problems. It was under these conditions that Jimmy Hoffa, was able to emerge as a rival to Beck who did not see his rapid rise and independence as a threat.By the time Beck recognized the problems Hoffa brought to the organization it was too late for Beck to extricate him without shaking the foundation of the union and risking defeat in his own objectives. Over the years Beck and Hoffa have tangled on m any concerns yet formed alliances in other instances, both men recognized and appreciated the strength of the other. Given Becks rise to the presidency, the struggle between them has solidified even further, Hoffa has said, Although he takes orders from Beck, Beck does not raise questions as to how they are carried out. (Friedman and Schwarz) The modern record of the Teamsters Union may be implicit in the terms of the activities and goals of Beck and Hoffa, during the severe depression of the 1930s union activity was a perilous endeavor for those who had jobs. Hoffa, along with four other men who are currently still trusted affiliates of his staff, commenced to systematize the 175 workers in the warehouse as an independent union, that went on strike just as a highly biodegradable load of strawberries arrived to be unloaded.In needing the workers to work, management had to realize the seriousness of the strike which led to some concession to pacify the workers. Within months a chart er from the AFL was received making the independent Kroger group a federal labor union, Detroit was not a strong union center in 1932. There were few IBT locals in Detroit with roughly 500 members, Hoffa sought affiliation with the Teamsters Union and was given the charter of Local 674.Hoffa then proceeded to create an alliance with Local 299, which was then under trusteeship of the IBT, in debt, and without contracts this allowed his expansion program to begin. One of Hoffas first and most ambitious ventures as a delegate of the teamsters were to organize the truckers, drivers, and car hauler workers, commencing between 1933 and 1935 was met the venomous conflicts of the automobile manufacturers. The automobile manufactures established a division within the IBT and Hoffa became the negotiating chairman which contributed to his rise through the ranks.Hoffa was elected president of Local 299 which has 16,000 members and 800 contracts with employers, within three years Hoffa became chairman of the central states drivers council. When the Michigan Conference of Teamsters was organized Hoffa was elected president, which led to him being appointed by Tobin to fill a vacancy in the office of international trustee. Hoffas rise through the ranks continued when he was elected president of Joint Council 43 of Detroit, like Beck, Hoffa is unrelenting and avoided liquor and tobacco, yet, he used foul language when speaking.In his extensive traveling on union business Hoffa was not concerned with political ideas or labor idealism, he attempted to bring about instantaneous changements in the wages, hours, and working conditions of the teamsters. Hoffa has a vast and accurate knowledge of trucking operations he was very familiar with the political economy and he drove a hard bargain while adhering strictly to the contract provisions he negotiates. Hoffa brought stability in working conditions to trucking with suspicious associates and shady business activities and connec tions.Hoffas emergence from violent and ambiguous surroundings occurred with the development of maturity and the passage of time, this transformation reminds one of the evolutionary growths of other high leaders in the Teamsters Union. The vice president of the San Francisco IBT Michael Bloody Mike Casey, helped set up the general truckers local and earned his nickname in a violent and prolonged strike the in 1901. The nickname Casey had gotten became a term of affection, and when he died in 1937 he was a solid and respected citizen among leaders of the civil and industrial life of San Francisco.When Hoffa was elected to vice president of the IBT in 1952, Tobin said to the convention, He is the biggest small man in Detroit. When you go to Detroit today you hear about Hoffa, but you do not hear a word about Henry Ford. As I said, he is a very big small man and he is one man we developed in our time. He is pretty nearly civilized now, but I knew him when he wasnt. (Dobbs) The newly o rganized IBL was unable to defeat the barred organization in two NLRB representation elections at the port of New York, despite the strong support of the AFL.Resulting in employers on the water front being forced to come to terms with the independent ILA, this meant that teamsters continued their close contact with members of the ILA while performing the work of moving waterfront freight. Moreover, some ILA leaders had friends among teamster officials both Hoffa and John J. ORourke (president of Local 282) had close ties with the ILA. Hoffas main objective was to develop the influence and membership of the teamsters by undertaking bold organizing activities in the southern states for this purpose and felt that the assistance of the ILA was both necessary and valuable in his project.Realistic considerations swayed Beck and slowly weakened his original resolution and adamancies with feelings of antipathy and mistrust between Meany and Beck influencing the situation. Evidence of the d iscord between the two men came to the surface when Meany resisted Becks election to the executive council of the AFL, when he fought hard to frustrate the teamster machinations to absorb the expelled ILA, when he successfully maneuvered to overcome teamster resistance to merger of the AFL and CIO, and when he forced the IBT to accept limited representation in the industrial union department.At one point, Beck publicly announced that he would never be a candidate for the presidency of the AFL and on other occasions he verbalise that he stanchly supported Meany for the office. Ensuing to the rejection by the AFL of efforts by the IBT to absorb the ILA, Hoffa undertook to negotiate an agreement to put the ILA under the domination of the teamsters he see a possible merger of the two unions. Aside from the fact that the longshoremens union had 60,000 members who might be absorbed, there were mutual benefits to be derived from an agreement, teamsters and longshoremen work closely in po rt areas.With cargo freight being loaded and unloaded by longshoremen in trucks manned by teamsters, the IBT was strong in the Great Lakes ports, where the ILA is weak, while the ILA is in a position to help the IBT organize the South. With several preliminary discussions in 1955 the delegates to the ILA convention approved a working alliance with the teamsters, the last draft of the pledge was left to a special subcommittee with the evident that upon its conclusion it would be subject to a membership referendum.As negotiations continued there seemed to be some loss of interest in the project on the part of longshoremen, the mutual assistance pact was between the independent longshoremens union and three conferences of the IBT (central states, eastern, and southern). This gave a joint organization of work by the two unions, the cost to be apportioned by agreement uniform labor contract expiration dates and continued independent status of the ILA, except if both unions mutually agre ed to a change. In the beginning the president of the ILA William V.Bradley, expected Beck to give his approval to the alliance and that members of both unions would be asked to signal it. However Beck kept his distance from that debate, he stated that the document did not need his endorsement since it involved the regional conferences and did not conflict with the international constitution. With the new pact being placed in effect and the subdivisions of the international union were free to make loans to the ILA. With the expansion of the patience the IBT has grown, with that the union does not ordinarily assault jurisdictions of other trade unions.They have gained membership from employees of warehouses, canneries, and food processing plants, the success of the Teamsters Union has given it so much occupational and industrial diversification that it took on the form of a general labor union. If the teamsters were to decide to move in the direction of converting their union into a general catchall organization, the labor movement in the United States may be headed into a new structural phase comparable to the emergence of industrial unions in the 1930s as the equals of the craft unions.Although elected officials retain office for long periods on a national and local basis, there is insurmountable evidence of democracy operating within the union in the historical softness of the IBT leadership to dominate the convention completely. However, the membership continues to reelect officers who have brought about great improvements in conditions of employment and raised wages in the industry from a relatively low level to a high one. The union has succeeded in confidently establishing itself as a powerful organization, with vigorous actions and unruly behavior.Racketeering within the IBT was limited to locals and local leaders until 1957 and the national officers seemed eager to eliminate these instances. Viewpoints of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and its leading officials followed in the tradition of Samuel Gompers and the other founders of the American Federation of Labor. economics were the focus of the union, while attempting to stay out of the political arena, with the improvement of wages, hours, and working conditions being of the biggest concern.Some of the IBT leaders and locals were more politically cognizant, for example Harold J. Gibbons (St. Louis Local 688) and Robert I. Wishart (Minneapolis Local 1145), these were exceptions. The union is constantly on the alert for ways of bettering the economic position of its members operating on the principle that the end justifies the means and that in order to improve the economic status of teamsters pressure devices of all sorts may be used and assistance accepted from all persons who can help.Hoffa has said What we sine qua non we try to get. What we have we keep. (Dobbs) The implication in this thought process where as vigorous organizational tactics must be pursued , hot cargo clauses in contracts and aggressive picketing leads to a strong union. Rejections from the union insist on restraint from utilizing any outside sources, whether by courts or Congressional committees.Investigations are considered interference with the rights of leaders to conduct union affairs. The IBT has strength with truck drivers, comprising about a third of its membership, hold jobs with tactical importance that enables the union to exert vast pressure on almost all industries. The usual driver is young, tough, individualistic, and stable, where they usually rise through the ranks in the trucking industry and are well prepared for challenges from their drivers.Under such conditions, substantial contact between management and workers during stressful times between them was not surprising and did not cause undue anxiety. People within the industry were not shocked by these issues and the upper ranks of teamster leadership adopted a policy that was forcefully supported by Hoffa that men may continue to work on behalf of the union regardless of any charges or indictments against as long as they have not been convicted of a major crime in the courts.The stance on this issue is based on the concept that leaders who are useful to the IBT should not be abandoned until they have had their day in court and there has never been any doubt in the minds of the heads of the organization that a successful labor leader must be prepared to move from an office to a picket line or to jail in the interests of his union. It is an unwritten rule within the unions that dedication to union service should be extreme and that it is how one reaches the highest achievement, no efforts are spared.In recent years, the leaders of the IBT have recognized greatly that they must be prepared to speak to university students or public organizations, in addition to their own membership, when the occasion warrants. Yet modesty has not been a trait of leadership in the Teamsters Unio n, the heads of the organization have used their power to reach for more power. With a poor reputation and tough behavior of the Teamsters Union there were various misgivings amongst the general public and in the ranks of organized labor.Heads of other trade unions have been apprehensive that teamster methods will bring stricter governmental laws and regulation of labor but they have also feared the jurisdictional incursions of the IBT and the increasing power wielded by its officers. Labor leaders recognize that the men running the Teamsters Union, on the whole, have been working for the benefit of members of the organization although many question the personal morality and conduct of teamster officials and feel that not much consideration is given to the needs and interests of the remainder of the labor movement.History is full with evidence of the dependence of many sectors of labor unionism on the success of the teamsters in organizing or striking an employer. Unions therefore must deal carefully with the IBT since their main purposes may become more difficult or even impossible to achieve by disassociating or expelling the Teamsters Union from any community of labor. Whether the IBT can eradicate undesirable practices in which it is engaged and the distasteful business dealings, by which it is marked will be determined with the progress of the Teamsters in the future.The problem is extremely difficult because the membership is dominated by exhaustion and fear with its officers and due to the combined strength of the leaders is greater than that of the rank and file. The union needs some guidance from responsible leaders of the AFL-CIO and from some of those of its own officials who are impeccable. To remove any questions of corruption and racketeering within the Teamsters nationwide will require firm, legislative pressures by the federal government that will force the abandonment of dishonesty and criminal activities. Bibliography Brill, S. The Teamsters . Simon and Schuster. 1978. Dobbs, F.Teamster Power. Pathfinder Press. 1973. Friedman, A. and Schwarz, T. Power and Greed Inside the Teamsters Empire of Corruption. Danbury, CT Franklin Watts. 1989. Jablonski, D. The Culture of Corruption Will Be Just Fine, Thank You. AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations 2009. Retrieved from http//www. aflcio. org/, on July 17, 2009 Teamsters Reaffirm Support of Anti-Corruption Effort. http//www. teamster. org/ Witwer. D. Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union. University of Illinois Press. 2008. Zeller, F. C. D. Devils arrangement Inside the World of the Teamsters Union. Carol Publishing Group.

Assess the success of different methods used to overcome the imbalance between population and food supply

The term imbalance refers to a difference between the populations demands for food and the actual food supply. It is estimated that the current population of the earth is six billion people. in that location argon two main theories that relate to population growth and food supply, these being the Malthusian theory and the Boserup theory. Thomas Malthus was an English clergyman and economic expert who lived from 1766 to 1834 Malthus expressed a pessimistic view over the dangers of overpopulation. He believed that the food supply was the main limiting factor to population growth. He also believed that mankind population increases geometrically whereas food supplies can only grow arithmetically. A Danish economist put the optimistic theory together in 1965 her bid was Esther Boserup. She believed that an increase in population would stimulate technologists to increase food production. The sentence Necessity is the mother of invention sums up the Boserup theory.Agricultural ResponsesTh e green revolution is a worldwide agricultural movement but it all started in Mexico in 1944 and it involved the simultaneous development of 2 things these include New varieties of food plants. alter agricultural practises that greatly increase crop yields.When the green revolution started in Mexico in 1944, it was importing half its wheat but twenty years afterward it was able to export half a million tons of wheat due to the green revolutions effectiveness. Even though in theory it achieved what it was set up to do it still had many disadvantages. Many farmers who invested heavily in the new technologies brought in from the western world found themselves laden with massive debts. An example of this is the Punjab battlefield of India where the debt in arcadian areas has run to a staggering fifty billion rupees (745 Million). Also excessive pumping has led to a drop in ground pee and the water has live saline. Other problems cased by the green revolution include Human populatio n growth Diminished biodiversity in crops Inherent soil fertility and water quality Pesticides Land degradationDemographic ResponseA demographic response to over population is Chinas one child policy. This policy was brought in by the communist government in 1979 to try and reduce Chinas ever-growing population. To aid this policy they brought in a law limiting a couple to only commit one child. There are exceptions to this law ethnic minority are formal exceptions and families that produce a child with a mental or sensible disabilities are roughtimes allowed to have a second child. There is also financial incentives for couples to remain childless of only have one child. This however has had some very serious implications these include Human rights issues Female infanticide Sex imbalance Aging populationThe policy is also difficult to enforce in rural areas where the policy is more open to corruption as large families are needed to support their parents in old age. Sometimes pre gnant women would even be sent to relatives so that a child would be unregistered.This policy has proven to be fairly successful as it has managed to reduce population growth so that the population is remaining stable however it has not managed to reduced the population and it is not meeting its targets.My conclusion is that both approaches to tackling this global problem have positives and negatives to be taken from them. But on the whole they are causing more problems than they are solving so therefore I believe that both solutions are failing.